The medical care on the Camino de Santiago in France and Spain is very good! However, there is not a doctor in every village. In Spain, most villages have a so-called Centro de Salud (a health center), which is not permanently staffed. And almost every village has a pharmacy. However, pilgrims› ailments are rarely so serious that you can’t continue to the next larger village or town. But you can always call a taxi to any place and, of course, an ambulance in an emergency. Plus, the hostel volunteers or employees are very helpful. A hostel manager once drove me to the hospital in the middle of the night when I had food poisoning.
In high season in Spain, the local police or Guardia Civil also patrols along the Camino (and distributes free water.) With thousands of pilgrims, civil services naturally try to avoid emergencies along the way as much as possible.